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An Archaeologist Describes Temple Mount Destruction

Joseph Lauer sent along a list of recent articles describing the on-going destruction of antiquities on the Temple Mount. That list is below. The one I want to highlight is the report by Zachi Zweig on the BAR website. Those interested in the more technical aspects of what exactly is being found/destroyed will appreciate the detailed information, photos, and the link to a video Zweig took.

For those who don’t know, Zweig is the one who initiated the rescue dig of the Temple Mount debris dumped in the late 1990s (under the direction of G. Barkay). These are sad days for those who love Jerusalem and the Temple Mount.

Excavations in West Bank

The Jerusalem Post reports on the number of excavations that have taken place in the West Bank or Gaza Strip since 1967.

About 15 percent of the total number of archaeological excavations conducted in Israel over the past 40 years took place across the Green Line, a study released Wednesday showed.
The Tel Aviv University study reveals that approximately 1500 excavations had been carried out at some 900 different sites across the Green Line over the last four decades, which comes to about 15% of the total number of excavations conducted in Israel during that time.
The study, by Dr. Rafi Greenberg and Adi Keinan of the university’s Department of Archeology and Near Eastern studies, found that the peak of academic involvement in the excavation of east Jerusalem occurred in the first decade following the unification of the city in 1967, while the height of academic activity in the West Bank came between the rise of the Likud to power in 1977 and the first Palestinian Intifada in 1987.

A few points of interest from this brief article:

1. Many of the sites related to Israel’s ancient history are located in the West Bank, and 15% is a very small number for such an important area. There is much to be done here, and it won’t happen if Israelis do not have access because a) there are not many Palestinian archaeologists; b) the Palestinian people are largely uninterested in sites related to Jewish history.

2. The article doesn’t give the total number of excavations in Israel since 1967, but there apparently have been 10,000 (1500/.15).

3. Israeli archaeologists should be hailed for studying these sites and gaining much knowledge from them, instead of being vilified as “occupiers.” Some of the important Israeli excavations in this area include Herodium, Shiloh, Jericho (Tulul abu el-Alayiq), Mt. Gerizim, and Mamre. Sites that need more excavation include Samaria, Tirzah (Tell el-Farah North), Bethel and vicinity, Tekoa, and Jericho (Tell es-Sultan).

Tagged Analysis

Temple Mount "Excavation" Update

Leen Ritmeyer has posted his thoughts on exactly what wall has been uncovered in the illegal excavations. Most scholars of his caliber wouldn’t take the time to explain things so clearly for us mere mortals. Thank you, Leen. Read it here. Arutz-7 gives the take of another archaeologist on what has been revealed:

Gideon Charlap, a top Jerusalem architect and Temple Mount expert, told Arutz-7 what he saw when he visited the Temple Mount on Tuesday: “The Arabs there are digging a deep north-to-south trench, up to a meter [1.1 yards] deep. It is being dug in the area that served during Holy Temple times as the Ezrat Nashim [the area known as the Women’s Courtyard, though it was not reserved only for women -ed.]. The trench passes through three east-to-west walls, according to my calculations – walls that probably served as separations for the Temple’s offices and the like. This means that the destruction is tremendous…”

The award for the Joke of the Day goes to Mufti Mohammed Hussein, the top Muslim cleric in Jerusalem. “We don’t harm the antiquities, we are the ones who are taking care of the antiquities, unlike others who destroy them,” he said. Jerusalem archaeologist Eilat Mazar:

“No other country in the world would allow such grave damage to its most precious archaeological treasures,” Mazar said.

I wonder if there are any parallels to this situation. What other country would not be screaming bloody murder at such a situation? Dr. Eilat Mazar:

Anyone can realize that remnants of both the First and Second Temples are there, and can guess what damage is being done by the tractor. The most precious findings are just rolling around there and are available to be found – and instead they have a tractor there! If I would try to work with a tractor at one of my digs, the Antiquities Authority would stop me immediately! With a tractor, it’s impossible to make any type of careful examination of the earth and pieces being dug up.

Imagine if Ben-Tor brought a tractor to speed things up at Hazor, or if Maeir used one at Gath. Can you not imagine that the IAA would shut the dig down in seconds? But not here, at the most important archaeological site in the country. And why not? Politics. It’s much easier to sacrifice thousands of years of history for the sake of a few minutes of peace. This would all be so much simpler if we took the viewpoint of Palestinian worshipper Ismael Ramadan.

“I grew up and I see [with] my eyes and I see this is [a] mosque. I don’t see [a] temple,” he said. Like many Palestinians, he believes the temples never existed. “It’s not true,” he said. “No Temple.”

Gabriel Barkay has been sifting debris from the last major illegal excavation on the Temple Mount, and some of the discoveries were announced yesterday at the eighth annual City of David archaeological conference.

The project, now in its third year, entails scrutinizing truckloads of earth removed by the Waqf in 1999. Among the ancient finds were numerous stone tiles intended for flooring, some of which have been identified as designed for use in the Roman-era mosaic work known as opus sectile, in which colorful tiles were cut into shapes and fitted into geometric patterns. “The discovery of stone tiles used in opus sectile flooring in [earth from] the Temple Mount is one of the most important discoveries of the dirt-sifting work,” Barkai said, “and it might aid in reconstructing the appearance and character of the Temple’s outer courtyard.”

Tagged Discoveries, Jerusalem, Temple Mount

Bahat: Archaeologists Politically Motivated; Wall Must Not Exist

The AFT has a follow-up to yesterday’s article on the discovery of a wall from the Second Temple.

The article is headlined “Doubts over ‘second temple remains’ in Jerusalem.” The headline is misleading. The only one casting doubts in the article is Dan Bahat, who has a record for distorting evidence related to the Temple Mount. He admits that he hasn’t seen the wall, and his reaction is but a knee-jerk response to the claims of other archaeologists who he says are “waging a politically inspired campaign, systematically for several years, to strengthen Israeli control over the esplanade.”

Even assuming that this charge is true, that doesn’t change the nature of construction that is being revealed and possibly destroyed on the Temple Mount. The fact that the police haven’t stepped in doesn’t mean anything; they didn’t step in when thousands of tons of earth were removed in the late 1990s either. I mentioned in the last post that Barkay is a trustworthy voice on the subject; I can’t say the same for Bahat. In addition to his appearances in the media, his Illustrated Atlas of Jerusalem is filled with errors. I use portions of it with students, but with cautions. The maps are very helpful and generally more reliable. (I list some better books here.)

UPDATE: The Jerusalem Post now covers the story.

Tagged Analysis, Jerusalem, Temple Mount

Remains of Second Temple Found?

This could be a very important discovery (or it could not), but I doubt we will ever know. First the story from a couple of sources and then a few comments of my own.

From AFP:

Remains of the Jewish second temple may have been found during work to lay pipes at the Al-Aqsa mosque compound in east Jerusalem, Israeli television reported Thursday.
Israeli television broadcast footage of a mechanical digger at the site which Israeli archaeologists visited on Thursday.
Gaby Barkai, an archaeologist from Bar Ilan University, urged the Israeli government to stop the pipework after the discovery of what he said is “a massive seven metre-long wall.”
Television said the pipework carried out by the office of Muslim religious affairs, or Waqf, is about 1.5 metres deep and about 100 metres long.

From Arutz-7:

Top Israeli archaeologists held an emergency press conference on Thursday, warning that a Second Temple courtyard wall is in danger of being destroyed by the Arab excavations there….
Dr. Gavriel Barkai opened by saying, “A month and a half ago, the Muslim Waqf [religious trust] began digging a trench more than 400 meters [1,300 feet] long – the largest such work ever carried out on the Temple Mount… These are criminal acts that have no place in a cultured country.”
“Some man-worked stones have been found in the trench, as well as remnants of a wall that according to all our estimations, are from a structure in one of the outer courtyards in the Holy Temple. Such important work is being done without the supervision of the Antiquities Authority.”
“The archaeological damage is many times worse,” Mazar said, “in light of the fact that the ground level is only slightly above the original Temple Mount platform. And in fact, the bedrock has been uncovered in some places – meaning that earth that has been in place for many centuries, even possibly since the First Temple, has been removed.”

My reaction is that this could be something significant, or it could not. What Mazar says is correct, that present ground level of the Temple Mount is generally very close to ancient ground level. But it’s possible that there was construction in this area in the intervening 1,900 years since the Second Temple was destroyed in A.D. 70. But it is absolutely critical that the wall (and everything else underground) be studied carefully, so that a proper assessment can be made. The finds underground are important, whether they’re from the Second Temple, or from an 8th-century Muslim structure, or something else. Unfortunately, it appears that we will never know because what is being dug up is being destroyed, and then it will be re-buried.

Temple Mount from southeast

If this is a wall of the Second Temple, this would be very significant. But further clarification is needed. There are lots of walls “of the Second Temple.” Most readers would probably assume that this is a wall of the actual building itself, into which priests went to offer incense (such as Zechariah in Luke 1). But this is certainly not the case, based on the location of the trench, which you can see in the top photo of this page. Rather this is the area (so we believe) of the courts of the Temple, such as the Court of the Women and Court of the Gentiles.

What exactly has been found is not clear. Barkay calls it “a massive seven metre-long wall.” This may be a misquote, because on the face of it it makes no sense. That a wall is 20 feet long is not unusual; even average ancient houses had walls this long. You wouldn’t necessarily describe it as “massive,” unless you knew something about its width. And perhaps Barkay does but he isn’t quoted on that. I’m suspicious though because the width of the trench appears to be no more than 3 feet wide (according to photos at the previous link). In short, it’s not clear exactly what has been found.

Barkay clearly wants to get attention with his statement, and I hope he gets it. It’s, however, incorrect that this is “the largest such work ever carried out on the Temple Mount.” The excavation of the massive entrance to the underground el-Marwani Mosque (in so-called Solomon’s Stables) in the late 1990s was much bigger. Barkay knows that, as he is the archaeologist in charge of sifting all of the debris that was discarded. On the other hand, this trench is much more centrally located that the other dig, and thus more likely to reveal ancient items of interest.

BTW, I know that many people don’t know the personalities in this discussion, and it’s harder to evaluate statements when you don’t know the person making the statement. I’ve known him for 15 years, and in my view, Barkay is the best of the best.

Leen Ritmeyer hasn’t posted anything on this specific discovery, but he likely will, and it will be worth reading.

UPDATE: On further reflection, it is possible that a 7-meter wall was discovered in a 3-foot trench, if the trench made a cross-section of the wall and exposed faces on either side. But that raises another question: what is a 7-meter (22 foot) wall doing on the Temple Mount? As difficult as relations were between Jews and Gentiles, it’s hard to imagine a wall of that thickness separating the courtyards.

Perhaps it’s a foundation of a building. In any case, careful archaeological excavation must be done.

And it won’t be, because the Muslim authorities are afraid of history being uncovered on the Temple Mount. I don’t say that because of hearsay; I’ve experienced that reality in person.

Tagged Discoveries, Jerusalem, Temple Mount

Archaeological Evidence for "Cabul"

Haaretz has an interesting article today about a site I’ve never heard of, with connection to a biblical story about which I know of no other archaeological evidence.

A wooden sign stands at the entrance to the dirt road leading to the Segev Forest in the Western Galilee, inscribed with the symbol of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA). Beneath it in fading gr een letters is the name “Rosh Zayit Ruin.” Without perusing the entrance to the dirt road carefully, you might not see the weed-covered sign, and not realize that this is the entrance to a very special archaeological site….
“The excavations Dr. Zvi Gal carried out at the beginning of the 1990s solved a very complex puzzle about King Solomon and Hiram, king of Phoenicia,” says Mordechai Aviam, director of the Galilee Archaeological Institute.
“A site of a Phoenician nature was built here, a kind of administrative and military center constructed on top of private dwellings from the 11th century. The Phoenician nature of the site bears out the story of King Solomon giving King Hiram portions of the country in exchange for the cedars of Lebanon, with which he built the Temple,” Aviam says, smiling in consideration of the implications the story has for the present-day debate over dividing the land.

The relevant Scripture reference is 1 Kings 9:11-13. You can read the rest of the brief article here.

Plain of Asher from south